As environmental conservation and sustainability gain prominence globally, modern timber
structures are receiving increased focus. Nonetheless, the combustible nature of timber …

High traffic flow in a confined tunnel makes fire safety a critical issue. This paper proposed a
digital twin framework for tunnel fire safety management in real-time, driven by dynamic …

The flammability of wood composite materials inevitably limits its broadly applications,
inspired by the sandwich structure, we propose an intumescent flame-retardant vinyl acetate …

Modern buildings are now usually designed of large open-plan space and large glass
windows. Differing from the conventional small compartment fires of limited ventilation …

Accidental fires have shown that fires can be of a spreading nature, burn for longer durations
until the fuel has been exhausted, or be uncontrolled until fire fighter intervention. These …

Fire accidents in buildings are occurring and claiming thousands of lives each year. Due to
various architectural designs, fire hazards would be unique to each building layout. This …

Tunnel fire is one of the most severe global fire hazards and causes a significant number of
economic losses and casualties every year. Over the last 50 years, numerous full-scale and …

Comprehending civil engineer's crucial role in promoting sustainable construction practices
is becoming increasingly essential as the globe faces severe environmental and economic …

Timber as a structural material has attracted increasing interest in modern building designs
as it could potentially replace traditional construction materials for its excellent load-bearing …

The engineered mass timber products such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) have been
applied in modern construction driven by carbon reduction and aesthetic appeal. However …