Over the past decade, the Arctic has warmed by 0.75° C, far outpacing the global average,
while Antarctic temperatures have remained comparatively stable. As Earth approaches 2° …

Biotic and abiotic surfaces in marine waters are rapidly colonized by microorganisms.
Surface colonization and subsequent biofilm formation and development provide numerous …

Some climate variables do not show the same response to declining atmospheric CO2
concentrations as before the preceding increase. A comprehensive understanding of this …

The “biological pump” is the process by which photosynthetically-produced organic matter in
the ocean descends from the surface layer to depth by a combination of sinking particles …

The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our
planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic …

In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO2 and climate change are associated with
concurrent shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen content, and …

Global warming and increased atmospheric CO2 are causing the oceans to warm, decrease
in pH and become hypercapnic. These stressors have deleterious impacts on marine …

The largest seaweed, giant kelp (Macrocystis) is the fastest growing and most prolific of all
plants found on earth. Growing from the seafloor and extending along the ocean surface in …

Understanding the mechanisms by which climate variability affects multiple trophic levels in
food webs is essential for determining ecosystem responses to climate change. Here we use …

Global change includes alterations in ocean temperature, oxygen availability, salinity, and
pH, abiotic variables with strong and interacting influences on the physiology of all taxa …