Growth and development is the net result of environmental modulation of genetic
inheritance. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrogenic, osteogenic, and fibrogenic …

This review describes the evolutionary history of the mammalian skull vault as a basis for
understanding its complex structure. Current information on the developmental tissue origins …

In adults and children over two years of age, large cranial defects do not reossify
successfully, posing a substantial biomedical burden. The osteogenic potential of bone …

During skull development, the cranial connective tissue framework undergoes
intramembranous ossification to form skull bones (calvaria). As the calvarial bones advance …

Cranial bones and sutures are mechanically loaded during mastication. Their response to
masticatory strain, however, is largely unknown, especially in the context of age change …

Young children are capable of healing large calvarial defects, whereas adults lack this
endogenous osseous tissue-engineering capacity. Despite the important clinical …

Many craniofacial birth defects contain skeletal components requiring bone grafting. We
previously identified the novel secreted osteogenic molecule NELL-1, first noted to be …

The term craniosynostosis was first used in 1830 by Otto to describe the premature fusion of
cranial sutures (Otto, 1830). Since this first identification of craniosynostosis as a distinct …

Human adipose-derived stromal cells (hASCs) have a proven capacity to aid in osseous
repair of calvarial defects. However, the bone defect microenvironment necessary for …

Despite the widespread role of transforming growth factor-β 3 (TGF β 3) in wound healing
and tissue regeneration, its long-term controlled release has not been demonstrated. Here …