Healthy kidneys maintain fluid and electrolyte homoeostasis by adjusting urine volume and
composition according to physiological needs. The final urine composition is determined in …

This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins
directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide …

Abstract Background Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of proteins that can act as water
channels. Regulation of AQPs is critical to osmoregulation and the maintenance of body …

Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of highly selective transmembrane channels that mainly
transport water across the cell and some facilitate low-molecular-weight solutes. Eight AQPs …

Water excretion is regulated in large part through the regulation of osmotic water
permeability of the renal collecting duct epithelium. Water permeability is controlled by …

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), which can be inherited or acquired, is characterized
by an inability to concentrate urine despite normal or elevated plasma concentrations of the …

Exosomes are endosome-derived nanovesicles that are involved in cellular communication
and signaling. Exosomes are produced by epithelial cells and are found in biologic fluids …

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is released from the posterior pituitary gland during states of
hyperosmolality or hypovolemia. AVP is a peptide hormone, with antidiuretic and …

The antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin is a systemic effector in urinary
concentration. However, increasing evidence suggests that other locally produced factors …

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) stimulates the redistribution of water channels, aquaporin-2
(AQP2) from intracellular vesicles into the plasma membrane of renal collecting duct …