Lyme disease (also known as Lyme borreliosis) is the most common vector-borne disease in
the United States with an estimated 476,000 cases per year. While historically, the long-term …

The mammalian host responds to infection with Borrelia spirochetes through a highly
orchestrated immune defense involving innate and adaptive effector functions aimed toward …

Temperate phages are considered as natural vectors for gene transmission among bacteria
due to the ability to integrate their genomes into a host chromosome, therefore, affect the …

The difficulty in elucidating the microenvironment of extracellular H2O2 efflux has led to the
lack of a critical extracellular link in studies of the mechanisms of redox signaling pathways …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the most abundant immune components
in the tumor microenvironment and play a plethora of roles in regulating tumorigenesis …

Senegalia macrostachya (Reichenb. ex DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr seed (SMS) is a wild legume
used as food and medicine in many African countries. In the current study, a novel …

The abundant and widely distributed deermice Peromyscus leucopus and P. maniculatus
are important reservoirs for several different zoonotic agents in North America. For the …

Simple Summary Borreliae are a group of highly motile bacteria that are characterized by
their corkscrew-like shape. They can be transferred by a tick bite to a human host and cause …

Ixodes ricinus is the vector for Borrelia afzelii, the predominant cause of Lyme borreliosis in
Europe, whereas Ixodes scapularis is the vector for Borrelia burgdorferi in the USA …

Gut microbiota is a constant source of antigens and stimuli to which the resident immune
system has developed tolerance. However, the mechanisms by which mononuclear …