Globally, breast cancer is the most common cancer type and is one of the most significant
causes of deaths in women. To date, multiple clinical interventions have been applied …

Introduction: Breast cancer subtypes are currently defined by a combination of morphologic,
genomic, and proteomic characteristics. These subtypes provide a molecular portrait of the …

Isoflavones are phytoestrogens that have been linked to both beneficial as well as adverse
effects in relation to cell proliferation and cancer risks. The present article presents an …

Introduction The two isoforms of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha and beta play opposite roles
in regulating proliferation and differentiation of breast cancers, with ER-alpha mediating …

Background There has been an extensive range of incidence and mortality of breast cancer
(BC), and the comprehensively available treatments for BC have not been completely …

Breast cancer (BCa) is one of the most predominantly diagnosed cancers in women.
Notably, 70% of BCa diagnoses are Estrogen Receptor α positive (ERα+) making it a critical …

Despite over 15 years of research, the exact role, if any, played by estrogen receptor β (ERβ)
in human breast cancer remains elusive. A large body of data both in vitro and in vivo …

Although androgen receptor (AR) signaling is the main molecular tool regulating growth and
function of the prostate gland, estrogen receptor β (ERβ) is involved in the differentiation of …

The administration of chemical carcinogens is one of the most commonly used methods to
induce tumors in several organs in laboratory animals in order to study oncologic diseases …

The closely related transcription factors (TFs), estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, regulate
divergent gene expression programs and proliferative outcomes in breast cancer. Utilizing …