Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

Snails belonging to the genus Littorina are the familiar periwinkles found on rocky sea
shores throughout Western Europe, Scandinavia, North America, Siberia and Japan …

Anthropogenic climate change induces unprecedented variability in a broad range of
environmental parameters. These changes will impact material properties and animal …

Abstract.—Understanding the genetic and environmental bases of phenotypic variation and
how they covary on local and broad geographic scales is an important goal of evolutionary …

Steep clinal transitions in one or several inherited characters between genetically distinct
populations are usually referred to as hybrid zones. Essentially two different mechanisms …

Oscillating-flow-tank experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of wave-induced
oscillatory flow on feeding by subtidal sea urchins Strongylocentrotus nudus (A. Agassiz) …

Predation by shell-crushing predators is thought to be a principal force driving the evolution
of gastropod shell form. However, recent evidence suggests that phenotypic plasticity in …

Temporal and spatial patterns of phenotypic variation have traditionally been thought to
reflect genetic differentiation produced by natural selection. Recently, however, there has …

Patterns of selection on gastropod shell morphology are generally believed to be different
on wave-exposed and wave-sheltered shores. The heavy surf on wave-exposed shores is …

The risk of dislodgment due to hydrodynamic forces on rocky intertidal shores is greater on
wave‐exposed than on protected shores, and this is believed to represent an important …