The ability of feathers to perform many functions either simultaneously or at different times
throughout the year or life of a bird is integral to the evolutionary history of birds. Many …

Many large marine predators make excursions from surface waters to the deep ocean below
200 m. Moreover, the ability to access meso-and bathypelagic habitats has evolved …

Remote measurement of the physiology, behaviour and energetic status of free-living
animals is made possible by a variety of techniques that we refer to collectively as …

An animal's behaviour is a response to its environment and physiological condition, and as
such, gives vital clues as to its well-being, which is highly relevant in conservation issues …

Drag and buoyancy are two primary external forces acting on diving marine mammals. The
strength of these forces modulates the energetic cost of movement and may influence …

Foraging by mammals is a complex suite of behaviors that can entail high energetic costs
associated with supporting basal metabolism, locomotion and the digestion of prey. To …

Aquatic animals use a variety of strategies to reduce the energetic cost of locomotion.
Efficient locomotion is particularly important for breath-holding divers because high levels of …

It is obvious, at least qualitatively, that small animals move their locomotory apparatus faster
than large animals: small insects move their wings invisibly fast, while large birds flap their …

Numerous amniote groups adapted to an aquatic life. This change of habitat naturally led to
numerous convergences. The various adaptive traits vary depending on the degree of …

Elephant seals regularly perform dives during which they spend a large proportion of time
drifting passively through the water column. The rate of vertical change in depth during …