The outbreaks of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), caused by nervous necrosis
virus (NNV), represent one of the main infectious threats for marine aquaculture worldwide …

Over the last three decades, the causative agent of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy
(VER) disease has become a serious problem of marine finfish aquaculture, and more …

Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease, caused by the nervous necrosis virus (NNV), is a
devastating disease, leading to high mortality rate and huge economical loss in aquaculture …

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation process that is essential for
homeostasis. As a cell steward, autophagy is thought to be a process that may have evolved …

Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infected larvae and juveniles of more than 50 fish species,
resulting in mortality rates of greater than 95%. However, there is no efficient method to …

Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) causes viral nervous necrosis, the most devastating disease
in more than 50 fish species worldwide, with massive mortality rates up to 100%, resulting in …

Abstract East and Southeast Asia have the largest share of mariculture production in Asia,
and most of this is cage farming. An increase in marine fish consumption in the region has …

Betanodaviruses are small ss RNA viruses responsible for viral encephalopathy and
retinopathy, otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis, in marine fish worldwide. These …

Betanodavirus is one of the two genera making up the family Nodaviridae and is the
etiological agent of viral nervous necrosis (VNN, also known as viral encephalopathy and …

Objective The nervous necrosis virus (NNV; genus Betanodavirus) is an aquatic pathogen
that is responsible for a neurological disease affecting marine fish. Despite its almost …