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Importance Alcohol-associated liver disease results in cirrhosis in approximately 10% to
20% of patients. In 2017, more than 2 million people had alcohol-associated cirrhosis in the …

Chronic liver diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or viral hepatitis are
characterized by persistent inflammation and subsequent liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis critically …

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by the injury, inflammation, and scarring in the
liver owing to excessive alcohol consumption. Currently, ALD is a leading cause for liver …

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the two major
types of chronic liver disease worldwide. Inflammatory processes play key roles in the …

The liver communicates with the intestine via the portal vein, biliary system, and mediators in
the circulation. Microbes in the intestine maintain liver homeostasis but can also serve as a …

Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound vesicles containing proteins, lipids, RNAs and
microRNAs. They can originate from both healthy and stressed cells, and provide a …

There are different operating definitions for acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in different
geographic regions. Consortia in Western countries have developed definitions that apply to …

Background IL-22 is induced by aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling and plays a
critical role in gastrointestinal barrier function through effects on antimicrobial protein …

Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) refers to the liver damage occurring due to excessive
alcohol consumption and involves a broad spectrum of diseases that includes liver steatosis …