Estrogen receptors (ERs) act by regulating transcriptional processes. The classical
mechanism of ER action involves estrogen binding to receptors in the nucleus, after which …

The Sp/KLF family contains at least twenty identi® ed members which include Sp1-4 and
numerous kruÈppel-like factors. Members of the family bind with varying af® nities to …

Sp1 and Sp3 are transcription factors expressed in all mammalian cells. These factors are
involved in regulating the transcriptional activity of genes implicated in most cellular …

Estrogen influences the physiology of many target tissues in both women and men. The long-
term effects of estrogen are mediated predominantly by nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs) …

Abstract 17β-Estradiol (E2) binds to the estrogen receptor (ER) to activate gene expression
or repression and this involves both genomic (nuclear) and non-genomic (extranuclear …

The growth of both normal and transformed epithelial cells of the female reproductive system
is stimulated by estrogens, mainly through the activation of estrogen receptor α (ERα), which …

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from the pre‐existing vasculature, is a
complex multistage process regulated by a number of signal transduction pathways …

Background: Interferon alpha (IFN-α) has antiangiogenic activity, although the underlying
mechanism of action is unclear. Because human neuroendocrine (NE) tumors are highly …

Sp proteins play an important role in angiogenesis and growth of cancer cells, and
specificity protein 1 (Sp1) has been linked to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) …

Cyclin D1 gene expression is induced by 17β-estradiol (E2) in human breast cancer cells
and is important for progression of cells through the G 1 phase of the cell cycle. The …