Chronic (continuous, non-interrupted) hypoxia and cycling (intermittent, transient) hypoxia
are two types of hypoxia occurring in malignant tumors. They are both associated with the …

Abstract The Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect has been recognized as the
central paradigm in tumor-targeted delivery in the last decades. In the wake of this concept …

Genetic mutations and abnormal gene regulation are key mechanisms underlying
tumorigenesis. Nucleosomes, which consist of DNA wrapped around histone cores …

The sirtuins (SIRTs; of which there are seven in mammals) are NAD+-dependent enzymes
that regulate a large number of cellular pathways and forestall the progression of ageing …

With the aging of global population, the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
(NAFLD) has surged in recent decades. NAFLD is a multifactorial disease that follows a …

Aging is a chronic yet natural physiological decline of the body. Throughout life, humans are
continuously exposed to a variety of exogenous and endogenous stresses, which engender …

Hypoxia is a physiological cue that impacts diverse physiological processes, including
energy metabolism, autophagy, cell motility, angiogenesis, and erythropoiesis. One of the …

Infection, cancer and cardiovascular diseases are the major causes for morbidity and
mortality in the United States according to the Center for Disease Control. The underlying …

Abstract Sirtuin (Yeast Silent Information RegulatorsⅡ, Sir2) was first discovered in the
1970s. Because of its function by removing acetylated groups from histones in the presence …

Mammalian cells use a specialized and complex machinery for the removal of altered
proteins or dysfunctional organelles. Such machinery is part of a mechanism called …