Natural killer (NK) cells, a subgroup of innate lymphoid cells, act as the first line of defense
against cancer. Although some evidence shows that NK cells can develop in secondary …

Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) are the key antigen sampling and adaptive immune
inductive sites within the intestinal wall. Human GALT includes the multi-follicular Peyer's …

Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) provide protective immunity, but the
contributions of specific tissue environments to TRM cell differentiation and homeostasis are …

T lymphocytes migrate to barrier sites after exposure to pathogens, providing localized
immunity and long-term protection. Here, we obtained blood and tissues from human organ …

The chemokines (or chemotactic cytokines) are a large family of small, secreted proteins that
signal through cell surface G protein‐coupled heptahelical chemokine receptors. They are …

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are innate counterparts of adaptive T lymphocytes, contributing
to host defense, tissue repair, metabolic homeostasis, and inflammatory diseases. ILCs have …

The intestine represents the largest compartment of the immune system. It is continually
exposed to antigens and immunomodulatory agents from the diet and the commensal …

Immune cell trafficking is a critical element of the intestinal immune response, both in
homeostasis and in pathological conditions associated with inflammatory bowel disease …

Tissues such as the skin and mucosae are frequently exposed to microbial pathogens.
Infectious agents must be quickly and efficiently controlled by our immune system, but the …

Crohn's disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract; however, current European
and national guidelines worldwide do not differentiate between small-intestinal and colonic …