Electrical and transcranial magnetic stimulations have proven to be therapeutically
beneficial for patients suffering from neurological disorders. Moreover, these stimulation …

Both human speech and animal vocal signals contain frequency-modulated (FM) sounds.
Although central auditory neurons that selectively respond to the direction of frequency …

The auditory midbrain (central nucleus of inferior colliculus, ICC) receives multiple brainstem
projections and recodes auditory information for perception in higher centers. Many neural …

Near-infrared radiation (NIR) has been described as one of the highest-resolution tools for
neuromodulation. However, the poor tissue penetration depth of NIR has limited its further …

The auditory brainstem implant (ABI) is an auditory neuroprosthesis that provides hearing by
electrically stimulating the cochlear nucleus (CN) of the brainstem. Our previous study …

Hierarchical processing of sensory information occurs at multiple levels between the
peripheral and central pathway. Different extents of convergence and divergence in top …

BACKGROUND: Auditory brainstem implants have failed to produce consistent clinical
results comparable to those with the cochlear implant, both with surface and penetrating …

Auditory brainstem implants (ABIs) restore hearing to deaf individuals not eligible for
cochlear implants. Speech comprehension in ABI users is generally poor compared to that …

Receptive fields and tuning curves of sensory neurons represent the neural substrates that
allow animals to efficiently detect and distinguish external stimuli. They are progressively …

The inferior colliculus (IC) receives inputs from the ascending auditory pathway and helps
localize the sound source by shaping neurons' responses. However, the contributions of …