Bone remodeling replaces old and damaged bone with new bone through a sequence of
cellular events occurring on the same surface without any change in bone shape. It was …

Bone turnover markers (BTMs) are used widely, in both research and clinical practice. In the
last 20 years, much experience has been gained in measurement and interpretation of these …

The etiology of endemic rickets was discovered a century ago. Vitamin D is the precursor of
25-hydroxyvitamin D and other metabolites, including 1, 25 (OH) 2D, the ligand for the …

Wolff's law and the Utah Paradigm of skeletal physiology state that bone architecture adapts
to mechanical loads. These models predict the existence of a mechanostat that links strain …

Purpose To establish a process to evaluate and standardize a state-of-the-art nomenclature
for reporting neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) data. Design Consensus …

Bone consists of separate inner endosteal and outer periosteal compartments, each with
distinct contributions to bone physiology and each maintaining separate pools of cells owing …

Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK) ligand (RANKL) binds RANK on the
surface of osteoclast precursors to trigger osteoclastogenesis. Recent studies have …

Irisin is secreted by muscle, increases with exercise, and mediates certain favorable effects
of physical activity. In particular, irisin has been shown to have beneficial effects in adipose …

Background Long-term safety and efficacy of osteoporosis treatment are important because
of the chronic nature of the disease. We aimed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of …

Mechanical loading, such as caused by exercise, stimulates bone formation by osteoblasts
and increases bone strength, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Osteocytes reside …