Phosphoinositides are signalling lipids derived from phosphatidylinositol, a ubiquitous
phospholipid in the cytoplasmic leaflet of eukaryotic membranes. Initially discovered for their …

The target of rapamycin (TOR), discovered 30 years ago, is a highly conserved
serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a central role in regulating cell growth and …

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved, lysosome-dependent catabolic process whereby
cytoplasmic components, including damaged organelles, protein aggregates and lipid …

Every cell must satisfy basic requirements for nutrient sensing, utilization and recycling
through macromolecular breakdown to coordinate programmes for growth, repair and stress …

Autophagy is a major intracellular degradation system that derives its degradative abilities
from the lysosome. The most well-studied form of autophagy is macroautophagy, which …

The highly conserved protein kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR; originally
known as mammalian target of rapamycin) is a central cell growth regulator connecting …

Autophagy causes the breakdown of damaged proteins and organelles to their constituent
components. The phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathway played an important role in …

Autophagy is a catabolic process for unnecessary or dysfunctional cytoplasmic contents by
lysosomal degradation pathways. Autophagy is implicated in various biological processes …

Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent cellular degradation program that responds to a variety
of environmental and cellular stresses. It is an evolutionarily well-conserved and essential …

Lysosomes are single membrane-bound organelles containing acid hydrolases responsible
for the degradation of cellular cargo and maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Lysosomes …