Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has boomed
over the last 30 years, and its use has accelerated during the last 5 years. AM is a materials …

Abstract 4D printing refers to single-material or multi-material printing of a device or object
that can be transformed from a 1D strand into pre-programed 3D shape, from a 2D surface …

Intelligent magnetic soft robots capable of programmable structural changes and
multifunctionality modalities depend on material architectures and methods for controlling …

Inspired by shape‐morphing organisms in nature, researchers have developed various
hydrogels with stimuli‐responsive swelling, shrinking, bending, folding, origami, rolling …

Since the concept of four-dimensional (4D) printing first emerged from additive
manufacturing technologies in 2013, there has been growing interest from researchers …

The rapid development of 3D printing has led to considerable progress in the field of
biomedical engineering. Notably, 4D printing provides a potential strategy to achieve a time …

Additive manufacturing (AM), which is based on the principle of layer‐by‐layer shaping and
stacking of discrete materials, has shown significant benefits in the fabrication of …

Abstract 4D printing is an emerging field in additive manufacturing of time responsive
programmable materials. The combination of 3D printing technologies with materials that …

Abstract 4D printing has attracted tremendous interest because of its potential applications
in smart devices, biomedical and tissue engineering. However, conventional shape memory …

Background 4D printing technology has attracted extensive attention in academic and
industrial circles since 2013 although commercialization still requires additional research …