The climate is a forced, dissipative, nonlinear, complex, and heterogeneous system that is
out of thermodynamic equilibrium. The system exhibits natural variability on many scales of …

Abstract The Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) is a community diagnostics
and performance metrics tool designed to improve comprehensive and routine evaluation of …

Detection and attribution (DA) studies are cornerstones of climate science, providing crucial
evidence for policy decisions. Their goal is to link observed climate change patterns to …

Abstract Global Climate Models are key tools for predicting the future response of the climate
system to a variety of natural and anthropogenic forcings. Here we show how to use …

We propose a methodology for intercomparing climate models and evaluating their
performance against benchmarks based on the use of the Wasserstein distance (WD). This …

The first step in exploring the properties of dynamical systems like the Earth climate is to
identify the different phase space regions where the trajectories asymptotically evolve …

The study of energy flows in the Earth system is essential for understanding current climate
change. To understand how energy is accumulating and being distributed within the climate …

The second law of thermodynamics implies a relationship between the net entropy export by
Earth and its internal irreversible entropy production. The application of this constraint for the …

The atmospheric circulation is driven by heat transport from the tropics to the polar regions,
embedding energy conversions between available potential and kinetic energy through …

The climate is a nonequilibrium system undergoing the continuous action of forcing and
dissipation. Under the effect of a spatially inhomogeneous absorption of solar energy, all the …