Objectives The purpose of this systematic review was to examine how the scientific
community in Europe that is involved with research with animals perceives and experiences …

To transfer toxicological findings from model systems, eg animals, to humans, standardized
safety factors are applied to account for intra-species and inter-species variabilities. An …

Much of nutrition research has been conventionally based on the use of simplistic in vitro
systems or animal models, which have been extensively employed in an effort to better …

Background CASK-related neurodevelopmental disorders are untreatable. Affected children
show variable severity, with microcephaly, intellectual disability (ID), and short stature as …

Three decades ago, several articles on the subjectivity in chemical risk judgments (ie,
labeled “intuitive toxicology”) measured the divide between the public and toxicologists with …

The adoption of Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific
purposes has given a major push to the formation of Three Rs initiatives in the form of …

The last decade has seen a rise in the interest to apply the 3Rs principle in pre-clinical
research. This 64 years old principle, formulated by Russell and Burch in 1959, has been …

Since the late 2010s, the idea of phase-out planning for animal experimentation (PPAE) has
come to the foreground of political debates, but central notions and arguments are …

Government authorities often view the 3Rs of “replace, reduce, refine” popularized by
Russell and Burch as both regulatory principle and a governance principle aimed at …

In the process of pharmacology education, practical teaching is an important complement to
theoretical teaching. These activities include the use of experimental animals to obtain …