The growing world population (7.8 billion) exerts an increased pressure on the cattle
industry amongst others. Intensification and expansion of milk and beef production inevitably …

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) remains a leading cause of morbidity, mortality and
economic loss to the cattle industry. The continued high prevalence of the disease …

Several clinical scoring systems for diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in calves
have been proposed. However, such systems were based on subjective judgment, rather …

The microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of ruminants have a
mutualistic relationship with the host that influences the efficiency and health of the …

Simple Summary Supplementation with trace minerals (TM) is a husbandry strategy to
improve cattle health. There is solid evidence of the beneficial effects of TM supplementation …

The pathogenesis of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is determined by a complex
interaction of environmental, infectious, and host factors. Environment trends could impact …

Simple Summary Heat stress (HS) is a complex phenomenon which triggers a variety of
animal response mechanisms that have negative impact on livestock welfare and their …

Recognizing the respiratory tract as a dynamic and complex ecosystem has enhanced our
understanding of the pathophysiology of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). There is …

Background Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an ongoing health and economic
challenge in the dairy and beef cattle industries. Multiple risk factors make an animal …

The goal of this review is to present a concise and critical assessment of the literature
related to physiologic responses in cattle that are subjected to transportation. Over two-thirds …