Ever since Akkermansia muciniphila was discovered and characterized two decades ago,
numerous studies have shown that the lack or decreased abundance of this commensal …

The prevalence of autoimmune diseases (ADs) worldwide has rapidly increased over the
past few decades. Thus, in addition to the classical risk factors for ADs, such as genetic …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) play vital roles in bacterial communication both
intraspecifically and interspecifically. However, extracellular mechanisms of gut microbiota …

Exosomes play a role as mediators of cell-to-cell communication, thus exhibiting pleiotropic
activities to homeostasis regulation. Exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), mainly …

Akkermansia muciniphila is a Gram-negative anaerobic mucus-layer-degrading bacterium
that colonizes the intestinal mucosa of humans and rodents. Metagenomic data have shown …

Biogeography is the study of species distribution and diversity within an ecosystem and is at
the core of how we understand ecosystem dynamics and interactions at the macroscale. In …

The gut microbiota is responsible for recovering energy from food, providing hosts with
vitamins, and providing a barrier function against exogenous pathogens. In addition, it is …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the common metabolic diseases in the world. Due
to the rise in morbidity and mortality, it has become a global health problem. To date, T2DM …

A substantial body of literature has provided evidence for the role of gut microbiota in
metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes. However, reports vary regarding the …

The intestine is fundamental in controlling human health. Intestinal epithelial and immune
cells are continuously exposed to millions of microbes that greatly impact on intestinal …