The cardiac conduction system (CCS) consists of distinctive components that initiate and
conduct the electrical impulse required for the coordinated contraction of the cardiac …

The heart automaticity is a fundamental physiological function in higher organisms. The
spontaneous activity is initiated by specialized populations of cardiac cells generating …

The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the primary pacemaker of the heart and controls heart rate
throughout life. Failure of SAN function due to congenital disease or aging results in slowing …

The heartbeat originates within the sinoatrial node (SAN), a small structure containing<
10,000 genuine pacemaker cells. If the SAN fails, the∼ 5 billion working cardiomyocytes …

In 2014, an extensive review discussing the major steps of cardiac development focusing on
growth, formation of primary and chamber myocardium and the development of the cardiac …

Congenital heart disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout life.
Mutations in numerous transcription factors have been identified in patients and families with …

Bioelectrical impulses intrinsically generated within the sinoatrial node (SAN) trigger the
contraction of the heart in mammals. Though discovered over a century ago, the molecular …

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most prevalent sustained cardiac arrhythmia, often coexists with
the related arrhythmia atrial flutter (AFL). Limitations in effectiveness and safety of current …

Pacemaker and conduction system myocytes play crucial roles in initiating and regulating
the contraction of the cardiac chambers. Genetic defects, acquired diseases, and aging …

The sinus node (or sinoatrial node [SAN]), the pacemaker of the heart, is a functionally and
structurally heterogeneous tissue, which consists of a large “head” within the right caval vein …