Alongside the exponential flourish of research on age-related trajectories of human brain
development during childhood and adolescence in the past two decades, there has been an …

Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by dramatic changes in cognition, risk-
taking and social behavior. Although gonadal steroid hormones are well-known mediators of …

Long overlooked in neuroscience research, sex and gender are increasingly included as
key variables potentially impacting all levels of neurobehavioral analysis. Still, many …

In 1991, a group of 21 scientists gathered at the Wingspread Conference Center to discuss
evidence of developmental alterations observed in wildlife populations after chemical …

Being born a girl or a boy has implications that carry considerably beyond chromosomal,
hormonal, and genital differences. In this chapter, we consider the developmental processes …

Maturation of the reproductive system during puberty results in elevated levels of gonadal
steroid hormones. These hormones sculpt neural circuits during adolescence, a time of …

Estradiol is the most potent and ubiquitous member of a class of steroid hormones called
estrogens. Fetuses and newborns are exposed to estradiol derived from their mother, their …

Phoenix, Goy, Gerall, and Young first proposed in 1959 the organizational–activational
hypothesis of hormone-driven sex differences in brain and behavior. The original hypothesis …

This text offers a unique developmental focus on gender. Gender development is examined
from infancy through adolescence, integrating biological, socialization, and cognitive …

The aetiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remains unknown. This familial
syndrome is prevalent among reproductive-aged women and its inheritance indicates a …