The executive functions allow for purposeful, deliberate, and intentional interactions with the
world—attention and focus, impulse control, decision making, and working memory. These …

Reaction time has a been a favorite subject of experimental psychologists since the middle
of the nineteenth century (reviewed in Deary et al.,(2011)). However, many of these papers …

Here, we review the evidence for sex differences in behavioral measures of impulsivity for
both humans and laboratory animals. We focus on two specific components of impulsivity …

Aluminum (Al) is one of the most extended metals in the Earth's crust. Its abundance,
together with the widespread use by humans, makes Al-related toxicity particularly relevant …

The differences in cognitive processes driven by biological sex are the issues that have
gotten growing attention recently. Considering the increasing population suffering from …

The claustrum connects with a broad range of cortical areas including the prefrontal cortex
(PFC). However, the function of the claustrum (CLA) and its neural projections remains …

There is considerable individual variation in the propensity of animals to attribute incentive
salience to discrete reward cues, but to date most of this research has been conducted in …

The period of brain sexual differentiation is characterized by the development of hormone-
sensitive neural circuits that govern the subsequent presentation of sexually dimorphic …

Adolescence is pivotal for neural and behavioral development across species. During this
period, maturation occurs in several biological systems, the most well-recognized being …

Introduction Motor impulsivity and risk-related impulsive choice have been proposed as
vulnerability factors for drug abuse, due to their high prevalence in drug abusers. However …