Substantial evidence from various studies suggests a preeminent role for early adverse
experiences in the development of psychopathology. The most recent studies reviewed here …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global problem for which current pharmacotherapies
are not completely effective. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction has …

This review summarises the evidence that chronic low grade inflammation triggers changes
that contribute to the mental and physical ill health of patients with major depression …

Cytokines are pleiotropic molecules with important roles in inflammatory responses. Pro-
inflammatory cytokines and neuroinflammation are important not only in inflammatory …

Background The link between the abnormalities of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
axis and depression has been one of the most consistently reported findings in psychiatry. At …

Early life stress (ELS; sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and
emotional neglect) has been the focus of numerous studies. It has been associated with the …

The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments: Trends in
Neurosciences Skip to Main Content Advertisement Trendsin Neurosciences This journal offers …

Exposure to traumatic stress is associated with increased risk for posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) and alterations of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) function …

Hyperactivity of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and increased levels of
glucocorticoid hormones in patients with depression have mostly been ascribed to impaired …

Major depression (MD) is a common psychiatric disorder with a complex and multifactor
aetiology. Potential mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of this disorder include …