Monetary sanctions, also known as legal financial obligations (LFOs), are a highly
consequential yet underexplored element of the criminal legal system. LFOs consist of fines …

How likely are US males and females of different ethnoracial groups to be imprisoned over
the course of their lives, and how have these risks changed in recent decades? Using …

Low-level misdemeanor and traffic violations draw tens of millions of people into local courts
to pay fines and fees each year, generating billions of dollars in revenue. We examine how …

Monetary sanctions are an integral and increasingly debated feature of the American
criminal legal system. Emerging research, including that featured in this volume, offers …

In this article, we explore the experiences of people who carry monetary sanction (or penal)
debt across eight US states. Using 519 interviews with people sentenced to fines and fees …

The Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (ICWA) sought to end the forced removal of Native
children from their tribes. Decades later, American Indian children are still placed in foster …

Legal scholars have long studied why laws are implemented differently across local court
contexts. Key to understanding this localized variation is understanding how new laws are …

Research on crimmigration—the intersection where criminal and immigration law meet—
shows that immigrants are increasingly punished and deported as a consequence of a …

Although men's incarceration rates have declined in the United States, women's have stayed
steady and even risen in some areas. At the same time, courts have increased their use of …

Child support arrears and criminal monetary sanctions are two forms of state-imposed debt
that have gained increasing attention for their role in perpetuating inequality. Although past …