Plants have evolved an array of defenses against pathogens. However, mounting a defense
response frequently comes with the cost of a reduction in growth and reproduction, carrying …

Nectar contains water, sugars and amino acids to attract pollinators and defenders and is
protected from nectar robbers and microorganisms by secondary compounds and …

Plants secrete extrafloral nectar (EFN) as an induced defense against herbivores. EFN
contains not only carbohydrates and amino acids but also pathogenesis-related proteins …

The optimal defence theory (ODT) of chemical defence provides a predictive framework for
the distribution of anti‐herbivore defences in plants. One of its predictions is that chemical …

Background The optimal defence hypothesis (ODH) predicts that tissues that contribute most
to a plant's fitness and have the highest probability of being attacked will be the parts best …

Plants mediate multiple interactions between below‐ground (BG) and above‐ground (AG)
heterotrophic communities that have no direct physical contact. These interactions can be …

Plants allocate defences in order to decrease costs and maximize benefits against
herbivores. The Optimal Defense Theory (ODT) predicts that continuously expressed (ie …

Ants show complex interactions with plants, both facultative and mutualistic, ranging from
grazers through seed predators and dispersers to herders of some herbivores and guards …

Plants engage in many processes and relationships that appear to be wasteful of the high-
energy compounds that they produce through carbon fixation and photosynthesis. For …

Numerous plant species respond to volatile cues to adjust their defenses against herbivores.
Some volatile chemicals, such as terpenoids and green leaf volatiles, that are responsible …