The term 'extracellular vesicles' refers to a heterogeneous population of vesicular bodies of
cellular origin that derive either from the endosomal compartment (exosomes) or as a result …

Mammalian genes were long thought to be constrained within somatic cells in most cell
types. This concept was challenged recently when cellular organelles including …

Microglia are the CNS resident immune cells that react to misfolded proteins through pattern
recognition receptor ligation and activation of inflammatory pathways. Here, we studied how …

Neurological manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2) infection represent a major issue in long coronavirus disease. How SARS-CoV-2 …

Traditionally, the viral replication cycle is envisioned as a single, well-defined loop with four
major steps: attachment and entry into a target cell, replication of the viral genome …

Mitochondria are complex intracellular organelles traditionally identified as the
powerhouses of eukaryotic cells due to their central role in bioenergetic metabolism. In …

Mitochondria are vital organelles in cells, regulating energy metabolism and apoptosis.
Mitochondrial transcellular transfer plays a crucial role during physiological and pathological …

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most
important swine diseases in the world. It is causing an enormous economic burden due to …

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a structurally complex enveloped dsDNA virus that
has evolved to replicate in human neurons and epithelia. Viral gene expression, DNA …

Modern methods of molecular diagnostics and therapy have revolutionized the field of
medicine in recent years by providing more precise and effective tools for detecting and …