We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

Geomagnetic indices are convenient quantities that distill the complicated physics of some
region or aspect of near‐Earth space into a single parameter. Most of the best‐known …

This work builds on and extends our previous effort (Tsyganenko et al., 2003) to develop a
dynamical model of the storm‐time geomagnetic field in the inner magnetosphere, using …

The solar flare on 1 September 1859 and its associated geomagnetic storm remain the
standard for an extreme solar-terrestrial event. The most recent estimates of the flare soft X …

Abstract Between 4 and 10 September 2017, multiple solar eruptions occurred from active
region AR12673. NOAA's and NASA's well‐instrumented spacecraft observed the evolution …

The Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX), a low‐altitude and
polar‐orbiting satellite, has provided a long‐term global picture of the radiation belts since …

The Dst index is predicted on the basis of the solar wind for the years 1995–2002 using an
update of the previous Temerin and Li [2002] prediction model for Dst. The updated model is …

Accurate forecasting of the properties of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) as they approach
Earth is now recognized as an important strategic objective for both NOAA and NASA. The …

The super-storm of 1859 gives an opportunity to apply models to predict Dst that have been
exercised mostly on non-extreme cases. The exercise gains significance through a Bombay …

Using simultaneous measurements of the upstream solar wind and of energetic electrons at
geosynchronous orbit, we analyze the response of electrons over a wide energy range, 50 …