Obesity and mood disorders are highly prevalent and co-morbid. Epidemiological studies
have highlighted the public health relevance of this association, insofar as both conditions …

The most common mood disorders are major depressive disorders and bipolar disorders
(BD). The pathophysiology of BD is complex, multifactorial, and not fully understood …

Abstract Since Emil Kraepelin's conceptualization of endogenous psychoses as dementia
praecox and manic depression, the separation between primary psychotic disorders and …

Brain circuitry underlying cognition, emotion, and perception is abnormal in schizophrenia.
There is considerable evidence that the neuropathology of schizophrenia includes the …

Importance The use of high-field magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in multiple brain
regions of a large population of human participants facilitates in vivo study of localized or …

Objective We aimed to review clinical features and biological underpinnings related to
neuroprogression in bipolar disorder (BD). Also, we discussed areas of controversy and …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic psychiatric illness characterized by severe and biphasic
changes in mood. Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been hypothesized to …

Conventional antipsychotic medication is ineffective in around a third of patients with
schizophrenia, and the nature of the therapeutic response is unpredictable. We investigated …

Schizophrenia is characterized by loss of brain volume, which may represent an ongoing
pathophysiological process. This loss of brain volume may be explained by reduced …

Background Bipolar disorder phenomenologically is a biphasic disorder of energy
availability; increased in mania and decreased in depression. In consort, there is …