Nearly half a century has passed since the discovery of cytoplasmic inheritance of human
chloramphenicol resistance. The inheritance was then revealed to take place maternally by …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is widely accepted for its involvement in resilience
and antidepressant drug action, is a common genetic locus of risk for mental illnesses, and …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the most widely distributed and
extensively studied neurotrophins in the mammalian brain. Among its prominent functions …

Psychedelics have inspired new hope for treating brain disorders, as they seem to be unlike
any treatments currently available. Not only do they produce sustained therapeutic effects …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Multicellular organisms have co-evolved with complex consortia of viruses, bacteria, fungi
and parasites, collectively referred to as the microbiota. In mammals, changes in the …

Depression is an episodic form of mental illness characterized by mood state transitions with
poorly understood neurobiological mechanisms. Antidepressants reverse the effects of …

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders and are often chronic and
disabling. Although exposure-based treatments are effective, a substantial number of …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family of secreted
proteins. Signaling cascades induced by BDNF and its receptor, the receptor tyrosine kinase …

Significant progress has been made in understanding the neurobiological mechanisms
through which exercise protects and restores the brain. In this feature review, we integrate …