For over half a century, male rodents have been the default model organism in preclinical
neuroscience research, a convention that has likely contributed to higher rates of …

Although most patients with chronic pain are women, the preclinical literature regarding pain
processing and the pathophysiology of chronic pain has historically been derived …

Context-dependent biological variation presents a unique challenge to the reproducibility of
results in experimental animal research, because organisms' responses to experimental …

Chronic pain is maintained in part by central sensitization, a phenomenon of synaptic
plasticity, and increased neuronal responsiveness in central pain pathways after painful …

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential
tissue damage. Chronic pain, with a prevalence of 20–30% is the major cause of human …

The previous decade has seen a rapid increase in microglial studies on pain, with a unique
focus on microgliosis in the spinal cord after nerve injury and neuropathic pain. Numerous …

The study of chronic pain continues to generate ever-increasing numbers of publications,
but safe and efficacious treatments for chronic pain remain elusive. Recognition of sex …

This narrative review represents an output from the International Association for the Study of
Pain's global task force on the use of cannabis, cannabinoids, and cannabis-based …

It has long been appreciated that individuals differ from each other in important ways. More
than 2000 years ago, Plato said:“No 2 persons are born exactly alike; but each differs from …

Sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic
and nongenomic receptors. Sex hormones can act through many cellular and molecular …