Highlights•The most common reason for the failure of the cancer treatment is the evolving
drug resistance.•The ABC transporters mainly P-gp, BCRP and MRP1 are responsible for …

c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family
members integrate signals that affect proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration in a …

Abstract c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) is involved in cancer cell apoptosis; however,
emerging evidence indicates that this Janus signaling promotes cancer cell survival. JNK …

Drug resistance develops in nearly all patients with colon cancer, leading to a decrease in
the therapeutic efficacies of anticancer agents. This review provides an up-to-date summary …

The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette efflux transporter G2 (ABCG2) was
originally discovered in a multidrug-resistant breast cancer cell line. Studies in the past have …

The primary source of failure of cancer therapies is multidrug resistance (MDR), which can
be caused by different mechanisms, including the overexpression of ABC transporters in …

One of the leading causes of death worldwide, in both men and women, is cancer. Despite
the significant development in therapeutic strategies, the inevitable emergence of drug …

Cancer biology research over recent decades has given ample evidence for the existence of
self-renewing and drug-resistant populations within heterogeneous tumors, widely …

Resistance is a significant limitation to the effectiveness of cancer therapies. The PI3K/Akt
and MAP kinase pathways play important roles in a variety of normal cellular processes and …

Chemotherapy increases the overall survival in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. 5-
Fluorouracil (5-FU) remains as a drug of first choice in CRC therapy over the last four …