Host defense against viral pathogens is an essential function for all living organisms. In cell-
intrinsic innate immunity, dedicated sensor proteins recognize molecular signatures of …

In the 20th century, researchers studying animal and plant signaling pathways discovered a
protein domain that is shared across diverse innate immune systems: the Toll/interleukin …

Bacterial anti-phage systems are frequently clustered in microbial genomes, forming
defense islands. This property enabled the recent discovery of multiple defense systems …

Cyclic adenosine diphosphate (ADP)–ribose (cADPR) isomers are signaling molecules
produced by bacterial and plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains via nicotinamide …

Argonaute proteins (Agos) use small 15–30 nucleotide-long guides to bind and/or cleave
complementary target nucleic acids. Eukaryotic Agos mediate RNA-guided RNA silencing …

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an antiviral signalling protein that is broadly
conserved in both innate immunity in animals and phage defence in prokaryotes …

Highlights•Many antiphage systems trigger regulated death of the infected cell.•Regulated
cell death protects the nearby population from the spread of infection.•Over 70% of …

Bacteria encode hundreds of diverse defence systems that protect them from viral infection
and inhibit phage propagation,,,–. Gabija is one of the most prevalent anti-phage defence …

Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain proteins function in cell death and immunity. In
plants and bacteria, TIR domains are often enzymes that produce isomers of cyclic …

To counter pathogen invasion, plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors,
including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular …