The predator–prey system has received much attention in the field of ecology and evolution.
The interaction and competition between populations in nature can be described by the …

The interaction between phytoplankton and zooplankton has a significant impact on the
marine ecology. The interplay between these two species is the building blocks for most of …

In this paper, a stochastic nutrient–plankton model with regime switching is proposed, where
the regime switching plankton mortality is described by a continuous time Markov chain with …

A harmful algal bloom is one of the significant concerns of marine biodiversity. The control of
such algal bloom is required for the conservation of marine ecology. The proposed work …

In this article, we contemplate the dynamics of a three-tier system of nutrient, phytoplankton,
and zooplankton with a gestation delay of discrete type and a distributed delay in nutrient …

In this paper, we investigate a mathematical model of plankton dynamics in an aquatic
system. We consider the fact that phytoplankton take refuge and release toxic chemicals to …

In this paper, we investigate an impulsive nutrient-plankton model in a stochastic
environment. The model dynamics have been studied by using the theoretical as well as …

In this paper, we investigate a stochastic nutrient-plankton model with impulsive control of
the nutrient concentration and zooplankton population. Analytically, we find that the …

In the presented study, a novel application is portrayed for machine predictive intelligent
computing via developing autoregressive exogenous (ARX) networks optimized with …

The dynamics of food consumption by higher trophic level is complicated as its availability,
choice, and consequently their development. The top predator interference has a strong …