Cellular hypoxia occurs when the demand for sufficient molecular oxygen needed to
produce the levels of ATP required to perform physiological functions exceeds the vascular …

Having a hypoxic microenvironment is a common and salient feature of most solid tumors.
Hypoxia has a profound effect on the biological behavior and malignant phenotype of …

Obesity remains the most important risk factor for the incidence and progression of
osteoarthritis (OA). The leading cause of OA was believed to be overloading the joints due to …

The NLRP3 inflammasome is linked to sterile and pathogen-dependent inflammation, and
its dysregulation underlies many chronic diseases. Mitochondria have been implicated as …

Molecular oxygen (O2) is essential for most biological reactions in mammalian cells. When
the intracellular oxygen content decreases, it is called hypoxia. The process of hypoxia is …

Macrophages are dynamic cells that play critical roles in the induction and resolution of
sterile inflammation. In this review, we will compile and interpret recent findings on the …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key link between innate immunity and adaptive immunity and
play crucial roles in both the promotion of immune defense and the maintenance of immune …

Microglial function declines during aging. The interaction of microglia with the gut microbiota
has been well characterized during development and adulthood but not in aging. Here, we …

Various factors could damage the structure and integrity of skin to cause wounds.
Nonhealing or chronic wounds seriously affect the well-being of patients and bring heavy …

Several lines of preclinical and clinical research have confirmed that chronic low-grade
inflammation of adipose tissue is mechanistically linked to metabolic disease and organ …