Drawing on both classic and current approaches, I propose a theory that integrates
motivation, personality, and development within one framework, using a common set of …

In the last 20 years, research on implicit social cognition has established that social
judgments and behavior are guided by attitudes and stereotypes of which the actor may lack …

Abstract Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-
construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by …

Human social groups are central to social organization and pervasively impact interpersonal
interactions. Although immensely varied, all social groups can be considered specific …

Despite an initial focus on negative threatening stimuli, researchers have more recently
expanded the investigation of attentional biases toward positive rewarding stimuli. The …

Cultural psychologists often treat binary contrasts of West versus East, individualism versus
collectivism, and independent versus interdependent self-construal as interchangeable, thus …

In this article, we review empirical research investigating the efficacy of perspective‐taking–
the active consideration of others' mental states and subjective experiences–as a strategy …

We define self-enhancement and self-protection as interests that individuals have in
advancing one or more self-domains or defending against negative self-views. We review …

This chapter began with a brief history of the self, noting that in recent decades social
psychology has at long last embraced some seminal conceptions of the self offered by …

Humans are a cultural species, constantly navigating a complex web of culturally bound
practices, norms, and worldviews. This article provides a brief overview of the relatively …