B cells develop from hematopoietic precursor cells in an ordered maturation and selection
process. Extensive studies with many different mouse mutants provided fundamental …

Sixteen years ago, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology
approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled …

The discovery of fingolimod (FTY720/Gilenya; Novartis), an orally active immunomodulatory
drug, has opened up new approaches to the treatment of multiple sclerosis, the most …

Plasma cells provide humoral immunity. They have traditionally been viewed mainly as short-
lived end-stage products of B-cell differentiation that deserve little interest. This view is …

Germinal center (GC) dark and light zones segregate cells undergoing somatic
hypermutation and antigen-driven selection, respectively, yet the factors guiding this …

In adaptive antibody responses, B cells are induced to grow either in follicles where they
form germinal centers or in extrafollicular foci as plasmablasts. Extrafollicular growth …

▪ Abstract Secondary lymphoid organs serve as hubs for the adaptive immune system,
bringing together antigen, antigen-presenting cells, and lymphocytes. Two families of G …

Antibody-secreting plasma cells are nonrecirculatory and lodge in splenic red pulp, lymph
node medullary cords, and bone marrow. The factors that regulate plasma cell localization …

▪ Abstract In vertebrates, serum antibodies are an essential component of innate and
adaptive immunity and immunological memory. They also can contribute significantly to …

The role of specialized follicular helper T (TFH) cells in the germinal center has become well
recognized, but it is less clear how effector T cells govern the extrafollicular response, the …