Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry (MS) has become a key technique
for monitoring structural and dynamic aspects of proteins in solution. This approach relies on …

The properties of unfolded proteins have long been of interest because of their importance
to the protein folding process. Recently, the surprising prevalence of unstructured regions or …

The variational principles called maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and maximum caliber
(MaxCal)<? format?> are reviewed. MaxEnt originated in the statistical physics of Boltzmann …

A complete understanding of a protein-folding mechanism requires description of the
distribution of microscopic pathways that connect the folded and unfolded states. This …

We used force-measuring optical tweezers to induce complete mechanical unfolding and
refolding of individual Escherichia coli ribonuclease H (RNase H) molecules. The protein …

Single-molecule spectroscopy has developed into an important method for probing protein
structure and dynamics, especially in structurally heterogeneous systems. A broad range of …

I review single-molecule experiments (SMEs) in biological physics. Recent technological
developments have provided the tools to design and build scientific instruments of high …

Single-molecule measurements provide unique information on heterogeneous populations
of molecules: They give access to the complete distribution of observables (rather than only …

2 1 Introduction the most salient points are just that a molecule can exist in a variety of states
depending on how its electrons are distributed among a set of molecular orbitals, and that …

The molecular mechanism of a reaction in solution is reflected in its transition-state
ensemble and transition paths. We use a Bayesian formula relating the equilibrium and …