Abstract γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter released at
GABAergic synapses, mediating fast-acting phasic inhibition. Emerging lines of evidence …

The term “resilience” refers to the ability to adapt successfully to stress, trauma and
adversity, enabling individuals to avoid stress-induced mental disorders such as depression …

Anxiety disorders are complex diseases, and often co-occur with depression. It is as yet
unclear if a common neural circuit controls anxiety-related behaviors in both anxiety-alone …

Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic regulation is dependent on metabolic state,
and implicates specific metabolic factors in neural functions that drive behaviour. In neurons …

Itch is an aversive sensation that evokes a desire to scratch. Paradoxically, scratching the
itch also produces a hedonic experience. The specific brain circuits processing these …

Projections of ventral tegmental area dopamine (DA) neurons to the medial shell of the
nucleus accumbens have been increasingly implicated as integral to the behavioral and …

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) can be defined by a compulsion to seek and take alcohol, the
loss of control in limiting intake, and the emergence of a negative emotional state when …

Cholinergic interneurons (ChINs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been implicated in
the extinction of drug associations, as well as related plasticity in medium spiny neurons …

Long-term exposure to nicotine alters brain circuits and induces profound changes in
decision-making strategies, affecting behaviors both related and unrelated to drug seeking …

Background Alcohol acts as an addictive substance that may lead to alcohol use disorder. In
humans, magnetic resonance imaging showed diverse structural and functional brain …