Microelectrode arrays and microprobes have been widely utilized to measure neuronal
activity, both in vitro and in vivo. The key advantage is the capability to record and stimulate …

Stochastic fluctuations of molecule numbers are ubiquitous in biological systems. Important
examples include gene expression and enzymatic processes in living cells. Such systems …

Behaviours of complex biomolecular systems are often irreducible to the elementary
properties of their individual components. Explanatory and predictive mathematical models …

Gene regulatory networks have an important role in every process of life, including cell
differentiation, metabolism, the cell cycle and signal transduction. By understanding the …

High-throughput technologies for DNA sequencing and for analyses of transcriptomes,
proteomes and metabolomes have provided the foundations for deciphering the structure …

Synaptic plasticity is thought to underlie learning and memory, but the complexity of the
interactions between the ion channels, enzymes and genes that are involved in synaptic …

Biologists are increasingly recognising that computational modelling is crucial for making
sense of the vast quantities of complex experimental data that are now being collected. The …

Context Under irradiation, a biological system undergoes a cascade of chemical reactions
that can lead to an alteration of its normal operation. There are different types of radiation …

How cells utilize intracellular spatial features to optimize their signaling characteristics is still
not clearly understood. The physical distance between the cell-surface receptor and the …

Background Proteins, individual cells, and cell populations denote different levels of an
organizational hierarchy, each of which with its own dynamics. Multi-level modeling is …