Aging women experience hormonal changes, such as decreased estrogen and increased
circulating androgen, due to natural or surgical menopause. These hormonal changes make …

Estrogen has a dramatic effect on musculoskeletal function. Beyond the known relationship
between estrogen and bone, it directly affects the structure and function of other …

Mitochondria are quantifiably the most important sources of superoxide (O2●−) and
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in mammalian cells. The overproduction of these molecules has …

Background The early life environment experienced by an individual in utero and during the
neonatal period is a major factor in shaping later life disease risk-including susceptibility to …

Androgens are an important and diverse group of steroid hormone molecular species. They
play varied functional roles, such as the control of metabolic energy fate and partition, the …

All living organisms adapt their membrane lipid composition in response to changes in their
environment or diet. These conserved membrane‐adaptive processes have been studied …

Human menopause is widely associated with impaired skeletal muscle quality and
significant metabolic dysfunction. These observations pose significant challenges to the …

Lipid composition determines the physical properties of biological membranes and can vary
substantially between and within organisms. We describe a specific role for the viscosity of …

Skeletal muscle weakness occurs with aging and in females this is compounded by the loss
of estrogen with ovarian failure. Estrogen deficiency mediates decrements in muscle …

Biological sex is a factor in many conditions, including aging, neurodegenerative disease,
cancer, and more. For each of these, men and women display distinct differences in disease …