Tissue engineering technology is a promising alternative approach for improvement in
health management. Biomaterials play a major role, acting as a provisional bioscaffold for …

The number of patients with bone defects caused by various bone diseases is increasing
yearly in the aging population, and people are paying increasing attention to bone tissue …

Natural materials with hierarchical structures usually have superior mechanical properties.
Herein, inspired by the macro–micro coupling deformation characteristics of biomaterials …

Vertebrate skin is a remarkable organ that supports and protects the body. It consists of two
layers, the epidermis and the underlying dermis. In some tetrapods, the dermis includes …

Osteoderms, also called dermal armour, often play a role in predator defence. The presence
of osteoderms is highly irregularly distributed across the squamate phylogeny and they have …

Osteoderms (ODs) are calcified organs formed directly within the skin of most major extant
tetrapod lineages. Lizards possibly show the greatest diversity in ODs morphology and …

Many species of lizards are partially enveloped by a dermal armour made of ossified units
called osteoderms. Lizard osteoderms demonstrate considerable species-specific variation …

Osteoderms are bony structures that develop within the dermal layer of the skin in
vertebrates and are very often found in different lizard families. Lizard osteoderms are …

Historically, the role of aggression in the social lives of animals overwhelmingly focused on
males. In recent years, however, female–female aggression in vertebrates, particularly …

Be it animals or plants, most of the organism's offspring come into existence after their
embryos develop inside a protective shell. In plants, these hard protective shells are called …