The clinical manifestation of metastasis in a vital organ is the final stage of cancer
progression and the main culprit of cancer-related mortality. Once established, metastasis is …

The overall survival (OS) of patients with metastatic uveal melanoma is short, the evidence
for effectiveness of treatments is limited, and no consensus on the choice of treatment exists …

Background Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular cancer. There are no effective
therapies for metastatic disease. Mutations in GNAQ, the gene encoding an alpha subunit of …

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common cancer in adult eyes. Approximately 80% of UMs
harbor somatic activating mutations in GNAQ or GNA11 (encoding Gq or G11, respectively) …

BRAF and NRAS are common targets for somatic mutations in benign and malignant
neoplasms that arise from melanocytes situated in epithelial structures, and lead to …

Immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) induces durable responses in
many metastatic cancers. Metastatic uveal melanoma (mUM), typically occurring in the liver …

The TGF-β signaling pathway plays a crucial role in several key aspects of development and
tissue homeostasis. TGF-β ligands and their mediators have been shown to be important …

Uveal melanoma (UM) is a genetically and biologically distinct type of melanoma, and once
metastatic there is no effective treatment currently available. Eighty percent of UMs harbor …

Constitutive activation of Gαq signaling by mutations in GNAQ or GNA11 occurs in over 80%
of uveal melanomas (UMs) and activates MAPK. Protein kinase C (PKC) has been …

PURPOSE: To estimate the risk of malignant transformation of a choroidal nevus in the white
population. DESIGN: Systematic literature review. METHODS: A literature review was …