Background The aim of this paper is to investigate the causality of the inverse association
between cigarette smoking and Parkinson's disease (PD). The main suggested alternatives …

Background Population-based, prospective studies can provide important insights into
Parkinson's disease (PD) and other parkinsonian disorders. Participant follow-up in such …

Introduction Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the outer membrane component of Gram-negative
bacteria. LPS-binding protein (LBP) is an acute-phase reactant that mediates immune …

Background Metals have been postulated as environmental concerns in the etiology of
Parkinson's disease (PD), but metal levels are typically measured after diagnosis, which …

Parkinson's disease (PD) and cardiovascular disease share many important risk factors, but
some associations differ. However, there are no studies that have compared their shared …

Background Parkinson's disease (PD) etiology is not well understood. Reported inverse
associations with smoking and coffee consumption prompted the investigation of alcohol …

Background and Objectives Inverse associations between caffeine intake and Parkinson
disease (PD) have been frequently implicated in human studies. However, no studies have …

Literature indicates a potential association between dairy consumption and risk of
Parkinsons disease (PD), especially among men, yet the results remain inconclusive. We …

Background Alterations in gut microbiota are observed in Parkinson's disease (PD).
Previous studies on microbiota‐derived metabolites in PD were small‐scale and post …

Background Most neurological diseases have no curative treatment; therefore, focusing on
prevention is key. Continuous research to uncover the protective and risk factors associated …