BACKGROUND Effects of recent global warming have been documented in every biome on
Earth. Safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services against future impacts requires …

Background Changes in Earth's climate over time can be measured in many ways. The
different metrics available represent alternative dimensions of climate change, each with …

Palaeontologists characterize mass extinctions as times when the Earth loses more than
three-quarters of its species in a geologically short interval, as has happened only five times …

Biotic interactions drive key ecological and evolutionary processes and mediate ecosystem
responses to climate change. The direction, frequency, and intensity of biotic interactions …

As climates change across already stressed ecosystems, there is no doubt that species will
be affected, but to what extent and which will be most vulnerable remain uncertain. The …

BACKGROUND The pace and magnitude of human-caused global change has accelerated
dramatically over the past 50 years, overwhelming the capacity of many ecosystems and …

Climate change is predicted to become a major threat to biodiversity in the 21st century, but
accurate predictions and effective solutions have proved difficult to formulate. Alarming …

The effects of climate change on biodiversity are increasingly well documented, and many
methods have been developed to assess species' vulnerability to climatic changes, both …

Localized ecological systems are known to shift abruptly and irreversibly from one state to
another when they are forced across critical thresholds. Here we review evidence that the …

This third edition of Reconstructing Quaternary Environments has been completely revised
and updated to provide a new account of the history and scale of environmental changes …