Approximately two decades after the first pioneering analyses, the study of shape asymmetry
with the methods of geometric morphometrics has matured and is a burgeoning field. New …

The foundations of geometric morphometrics were worked out about 30 years ago and have
continually been refined and extended. What has remained as a central thrust and source of …

The analysis of shape is a fundamental part of much biological research. As the field of
statistics developed, so have the sophistication of the analysis of these types of data. This …

ABSTRACT A behavioral syndrome is a suite of correlated behaviors expressed either
within a given behavioral context (eg, correlations between foraging behaviors in different …

Morphometric studies often consider parts with internal left‐right symmetry, for instance, the
vertebrate skull. This type of symmetry is called object symmetry and is distinguished from …

Phenotypic integration is a pervasive characteristic of organisms. Numerous analyses have
demonstrated that patterns of phenotypic integration are conserved across large clades, but …

An important aspect of geometric morphometrics, since its beginnings, has been the
visualization of shape changes. A range of methods has been developed with advances in …

Morphological traits have long been a focus of evolutionary developmental biology ('evo-
devo'), but new methods for quantifying shape variation are opening unprecedented …

Geometric morphometrics—a set of methods for the statistical analysis of shape once
saluted as a revolutionary advancement in the analysis of morphology—is now mature and …

Numerous lines of evidence point to a genetic basis for facial morphology in humans, yet
little is known about how specific genetic variants relate to the phenotypic expression of …