Objective Further understanding of the function and regulatory mechanism of cholinergic
neural circuits and related neurodegenerative diseases. Methods This review summarized …

Background: Anosmia is defined as the complete absence of olfactory function, which can
be caused by a variety of causes, with upper respiratory tract infections being among the …

Background Olfactory dysfunction is among the earliest non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's
disease (PD). As the foremost pathological hallmark, α-synuclein initiates the pathology in …

Olfaction is a crucial sense that is essential for the well-being and survival of individuals.
Olfactory bulb (OB) is the first olfactory relay station, and its function depends on newly …

Research into Alzheimer's Disease (AD) describes a link between AD and the resident
immune cells of the brain, the microglia. Further, this suspected link is thought to have …

Simple Summary The aim of this study was to analyze the role of each factor of the olfactory
function as a predictor of cognitive impairment in relation to gender and age. Our results …

Replicating specific scents by mixing 'base odors' is the main idea behind the concept of
odor reproduction. Just as primary colors can be combined to generate a wide range of …

The present study shows that animals with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
(EAE) exhibit olfactory dysfunction and impaired general cognitive abilities, as well as …

Introduction This study aims to investigate the progressive impact of chronic iron overload on
the olfactory bulb, a region significantly affected in early neurodegenerative diseases like …

Introduction The cyclic nucleotide cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous
second messenger, which is known to play an important anti-inflammatory role. Astrocytes in …