The respiratory tract is a complex organ system that is responsible for the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide. The human respiratory tract spans from the nostrils to the lung …

Azithromycin (AZM) is a synthetic macrolide antibiotic effective against a broad range of
bacterial and mycobacterial infections. Due to an additional range of anti‐viral and anti …

Respiratory infectious diseases are mainly caused by viruses or bacteria that often interact
with one another. Although their presence is a prerequisite for subsequent infections …

Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a “cytokine storm”, the mechanism of which is not yet
understood. I propose that cytokine storms result from synergistic interactions among Toll …

Respiratory tract infections are a major global health concern, accounting for high morbidity
and mortality, especially in young children and elderly individuals. Traditionally, highly …

New molecular, cellular, and immunologic techniques used to study host–pathogen
interactions have led to a reexamination of the role of infection in chronic obstructive …

The immunopathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is based on the
innate and adaptive inflammatory immune responses to the chronic inhalation of cigarette …

Ligands from dying cells are a source of Toll-like receptor (TLR) activating agents. Although
TLR3 is known to respond to RNA from necrotic cells, the relative importance of this …

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are major causes of global
morbidity and mortality worldwide. The clinical course of both asthma and COPD are …

Little is known about the relationship between the specific airway microbiota composition
and severity of bronchiolitis. We aimed to identify nasopharyngeal microbiota profiles and …