Exposure of biological molecules to oxidants is inevitable and therefore commonplace.
Oxidative stress in cells arises from both external agents and endogenous processes that …

Peroxynitrite is a short-lived and reactive biological oxidant formed from the diffusion-
controlled reaction of the free radicals superoxide (O2•–) and nitric oxide (• NO). In this …

Proteins are major targets for radicals and two-electron oxidants in biological systems due to
their abundance and high rate constants for reaction. With highly reactive radicals damage …

The concept of cell signaling in the context of nonenzyme-assisted protein modifications by
reactive electrophilic and oxidative species, broadly known as redox signaling, is a uniquely …

Proteins adopt different higher-order structures (HOS) to enable their unique biological
functions. Understanding the complexities of protein higher-order structures and dynamics …

Tryptophan is one of the essential mammalian amino acids, and is thus a required
component in human nutrition, animal feeds, and cell culture media. However, this aromatic …

Covalent crosslinks within or between proteins play a key role in determining the structure
and function of proteins. Some of these are formed intentionally by either enzymatic or …

Nitric oxide (NO•; nitrogen monoxide) is known to be a critical regulator of cell and tissue
function through mechanisms that utilize its unique physicochemical properties as a small …

The free radical nitric oxide (NO•) exerts biological effects through the direct and reversible
interaction with specific targets (eg soluble guanylate cyclase) or through the generation of …

Abnormal modifications to mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) are linked to familial
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS). Misfolding of wild-type SOD1 (SOD1WT) is also …